diff --git a/kifu/gtk/src/messages.rs b/kifu/gtk/src/messages.rs
index 9b7cc56..6d72d9b 100644
--- a/kifu/gtk/src/messages.rs
+++ b/kifu/gtk/src/messages.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // This file was autogenerated from l10n-codegen-rust. Edits will be lost
 // on next generation.
 use l10n::Message;
-use fluent_ergonomics::FluentErgo;
 use fluent::FluentArgs;
 
 pub struct Hello {
@@ -9,24 +8,25 @@ pub struct Hello {
 }
 
 impl Message for Hello {
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String {
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str {
+        "hello"
+    }
+
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs> {
         let mut args = FluentArgs::new();
         args.set("name", self.name.clone());
-        bundle.tr("hello", Some(&args)).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct NothingHere; 
-impl Message for NothingHere {
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String {
-        bundle.tr("nothing-here", None).unwrap()
+        Some(args)
     }
 }
 
 pub struct Welcome; 
 impl Message for Welcome {
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String {
-        bundle.tr("welcome", None).unwrap()
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str {
+        "welcome"
+    }
+
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs> {
+        None
     }
 }
 
@@ -35,9 +35,24 @@ pub struct GamesInDatabase {
 }
 
 impl Message for GamesInDatabase {
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String {
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str {
+        "games-in-database"
+    }
+
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs> {
         let mut args = FluentArgs::new();
         args.set("count", self.count.clone());
-        bundle.tr("games-in-database", Some(&args)).unwrap()
+        Some(args)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct NothingHere; 
+impl Message for NothingHere {
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str {
+        "nothing-here"
+    }
+
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs> {
+        None
     }
 }
diff --git a/l10n/src/bin/codegen-rust.rs b/l10n/src/bin/codegen-rust.rs
index 69aefcb..b60a869 100644
--- a/l10n/src/bin/codegen-rust.rs
+++ b/l10n/src/bin/codegen-rust.rs
@@ -81,8 +81,12 @@ impl Message {
 
             struct_strs.push(format!("pub struct {}; ", self.name.to_case(Case::Pascal)));
             struct_strs.push(format!("impl Message for {} {{
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String {{
-        bundle.tr(\"{}\", None).unwrap()
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str {{
+        \"{}\"
+    }}
+
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs> {{
+        None
     }}
 }}",
                 self.name.to_case(Case::Pascal),
@@ -114,15 +118,19 @@ impl Message {
 
             struct_strs.push(format!(
                 "impl Message for {} {{
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String {{
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str {{
+        \"{}\"
+    }}
+
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs> {{
         let mut args = FluentArgs::new();
 {}
-        bundle.tr(\"{}\", Some(&args)).unwrap()
+        Some(args)
     }}
 }}",
                 self.name.to_case(Case::Pascal),
-                parameters,
                 self.name,
+                parameters,
             ));
 
             struct_strs.join("\n")
@@ -144,7 +152,6 @@ fn main() {
     println!("// This file was autogenerated from l10n-codegen-rust. Edits will be lost
 // on next generation.");
     println!("use l10n::Message;");
-    println!("use fluent_ergonomics::FluentErgo;");
     println!("use fluent::FluentArgs;");
 
     let messages = messages
diff --git a/l10n/src/lib.rs b/l10n/src/lib.rs
index 54c7844..b970bc8 100644
--- a/l10n/src/lib.rs
+++ b/l10n/src/lib.rs
@@ -68,12 +68,13 @@ impl From<icu::locid::Error> for L10NError {
 // However, I have not found a mechanism in Fluent to identify all of the placeholders within a
 // message, so I'm not even sure that I can automate this code generation.
 pub trait Message {
-    fn localize(&self, bundle: &FluentErgo) -> String;
+    fn msgid(&self) -> &str;
+    fn args(&self) -> Option<FluentArgs>;
 }
 
 pub struct L10N {
     messages_root: std::path::PathBuf,
-    message_bundle: FluentErgo,
+    message_bundles: Vec<FluentBundle<FluentResource>>,
 
     locales: NonEmptyList<Locale>,
     zone: chrono_tz::Tz,
@@ -94,7 +95,8 @@ impl L10N {
         let english_phrases = FluentResource::try_new
         */
 
-        let message_bundle = {
+        let message_bundles = {
+            /*
             let mut english_messages = messages_root.clone();
             english_messages.push("en-US.ftl");
 
@@ -102,12 +104,14 @@ impl L10N {
             let mut messages = FluentErgo::new(&[langid.clone()]);
             let _ = messages.add_from_file(langid, &english_messages);
 
-            messages
+            vec![messages]
+            */
+            vec![]
         };
 
         Self {
             messages_root,
-            message_bundle,
+            message_bundles,
             locales,
             zone,
         }
@@ -156,12 +160,14 @@ impl L10N {
     // parameters. In an ideal world, neither of these can be incorrect. Messages are all checked
     // at compile time, as are their parameters. That implies an enumeration, with one element per
     // message, and with each element knowing its parameters.
-    pub fn messages(&self) -> FluentErgo {
-        self.message_bundle.clone()
-    }
+    // pub fn messages(&self) -> Vec<FluentBundle<FluentResource>> {
+    //     self.message_bundles.clone()
+    // }
 
     pub fn tr(&self, message: impl Message) -> String {
-        message.localize(&self.message_bundle)
+        let msg = self.message_bundles[0].get_message(message.msgid()).and_then(|msg| msg.value()).unwrap();
+        let mut errors = vec![];
+        self.message_bundles[0].format_pattern(msg, message.args().as_ref(), &mut errors).to_string()
     }
 
     pub fn format_date_time_utc(